"It really puts Europe in a difficult position. On the one hand, they're frustrated that they've been left out in the cold for this entire operation," says Council Distinguished Nonresident Fellow Julianne Smith. "On the other hand, . . . they're also recognizing that they need the strait to be open."
Robert Pape joins a group of Emerging Leaders to examine the tradeoffs inherent in deploying force and explore the limits of military power in shaping political outcomes.
The US-led postwar international order is being tested in the waters of the Strait of Hormuz and in the shrewd calculations of governments from New Delhi to Helsinki.
The widening conflict in the Middle East underscores the recurrent vulnerability of fossil fuel energy systems—and why a pivot to renewables is critical.
"The conditions that typically produce short wars—a decisive military advantage, an adversary willing to negotiate, and a clear political end game—are conspicuously absent in this conflict," Council Senior Nonresident Fellow Paul Poast and Pegah Banihashemi write.
"America's allies and partners were not asked to come along until after the strikes began. There was no real process in building a consensus," Council President and CEO Leslie Vinjamuri said. "Now they're scrambling."
"A nuclear resurgence will bring hard questions, especially for the United States, which risks ceding ground to Russia and China if it fails to act," Council Senior Nonresident Fellow Rachel Bronson writes.
"With the sanctions against Russia, it adds to the concern about scarcity of oil," says Council Distinguished Nonresident Fellow Lord Jim O'Neill. "It's not surprising that the markets are freaked out about this."
"To see that a new leader has emerged that has a strong intention to strike American bases, to keep American interests out of the region, that is a very tough message," says Council President and CEO Leslie Vinjamuri.
